How to setup boot loaders
This page (hopefully) will explain everything you should know about the major bootloaders so that you can configure them to your liking. |
General information about boot processes
From the moment you turn on your computer to the moment you can login into your installed operating system, a lot of things happen that can be devided into several major stages.
The BIOS stage
When you turn on your computer, the first thing that's run is the BIOS, a program embedded into a chip within your computer that represents the lowest layer between all running software and the hardware. During startup the BIOS has several tasks to do, like e.g. analyzing and checking hardware as well as the current system state. The last of its tasks is to find a bootable device and boot into that.
To do so, the BIOS program keeps a list of bootable drives as well as a boot order list which you can adjust via the BIOS settings menu - or on ThinkPads directly through hitting F12 during bootup. In the order of that list it checks which of the drives it knows about actually contains bootable media. The first bootable media found will be booted. That means that the code at the very first sector of that media is loaded and run.
The Boot Sectors
This first sector is called the boot sector. For different types of media different kinds of boot sectors are required, and since booting the harddrive is what we are concerned about here, we'll look into that specifically. Now, a harddrive is usually divided into partitions. Even if you only have one partition covering your whole drive, the internal structure is still the same. The first sector of your harddrive is the Master Boot Record (MBR), which includes the harddrives boot code as well as the hard drives partition table. The partition table contains information about the partition layout of your harddisk. The MBR typically is 512 bytes in size, as is the size of every sector on an x86 machines harddisk. Now, every partitions first sector is called the boot sector of that partition, because it actually is reserved especially to serve that purpose. To summarize, a harddisk will always contain boot code in the MBR, and can contain further boot code in one or several boot sectors, each belonging to one partition.
The Boot Loader stage
This stage starts with running the code inside the boot sector. As stated above, the first piece of code that's run on a harddisk is always the MBR. So, what happens next is already depending on what is written to the MBR and hence on which program wrote the boot code into the MBR. Typically, when you get your ThinkPad, the MBRs boot code will originate from Windows. In that case it picks the primary partition that is flagged with the bootable (or active) flag from the partition table and runs the boot sector of that partition, similar to how the BIOS launched the code in the MBR before. What happens next, depends on what code is in the partitions boot sector and at this point we should have a look to the most common boot loaders around.
LILO, GRUB and NT Boot Loader
LILO | GRUB | NT Boot Loader | |
---|---|---|---|
occupies | MBR or boot sector | MBR or boot sector | MBR and boot sector |
boot selector |
|
|
|
OS support | GNU/Linux | FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, GNU/Linux | can chainload other bootsectors |
Windows Support | via chain-loading | via chain-loading | WinNT, Win2K, WinXP |
supported filesystems | block offset based | BSD FFS, FAT16, FAT32, Minix fs, ext2fs, ReiserFS, JFS, XFS, VSTa | FAT16, FAT32, NTFS |
Partition designation example (second partion on first harddisk) |
/dev/hda2 | (hd0,1) | multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(2) |
LILO
LILO (LInux LOader) is one of the oldest linux and multiboot boot loaders. It is feature rich, dependable and widely used. Since LILO is configured through a human readable, easy to understand configuration file it is easy to setup.
LILOs classical way of behaving is to offer a single input line on boot, enabling you to type the label of the system to be booted and provide additional boot parameters. It can also print a message, or - in newer versions - it can be configured to show a menu (even a graphical one) so that you can pick your system more comfortably.
Creating a LILO bootdisk
As a fallback it is always good to create a simple LILO bootdisk. We are creating a simple LILO bootdisk here, not a Linux bootdisk, which is a different thing and would require more comprehensive steps.
- You need to configure LILO beforehand, so edit lilo.conf to fit your configuration.
- Insert a formatted floppy disk to your floppy drive, but do not mount it.
- Now do a
# lilo -v -b /dev/fd0
. This overrides the boot=... line in the config file and writes the configured boot sector to the floppy.
That's it. You can use this floppy as long as your system layout is the same (as long as you don't need to modify /etc/lilo.conf). Whenever you modify LILOs configuration, you should recreate the bootdisk using the command above.
Installation of a LILO boot loader
The # lilo
command is used to install the LILO boot loader. It reads the configuration file, calculates the block offset of the configured kernel images and writes the necessary data to the boot sector.
- LILO is configured by editing /etc/lilo.conf.
The format is explained in$ man lilo.conf
.
- A simple example configuration could look like this:
boot=/dev/hda map=/boot/map install=/boot/boot.b prompt timeout=100 compact lba32 default=Linux image=/boot/vmlinuz label=Linux root=/dev/hda2 read-only other=/dev/hda1 label=Windows
- Run the
# lilo
command to write lilo to the MBR. - Reboot your machine.
If you do not rerun lilo after such operations, you will render your system unbootable.
GRUB
GNU GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader) is surely the most powerful of the bootloaders listed here. Besides featuring a nice and comfortable boot menu and a human readable easy to understand configuration file, it offers an interactive command line which can be the perfect tool for recovering boot problems.
Creating a GRUB bootdisk
As a fallback it is always good to create a GRUB bootdisk, especially because for GRUB this is very quick and simple.
Creating a GRUB boot floppy
- Insert a formatted floppy disk to your floppy drive, but do not mount it.
- Execute the following commands to create the boot disk (you may need to change /usr/share to /usr/lib):
# dd if=/usr/share/grub/i386-pc/stage1 of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1
# dd if=/usr/share/grub/i386-pc/stage2 of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 seek=1
Creating a GRUB bootable CD-ROM
This allows to create a bootdisk for ThinkPads that do not come with a floppy drive. A GRUB bootable CD-ROM can be made to use the GRUB menu interface too.
See $ info grub
for detailed instructions (in node Making a GRUB bootable CD-ROM).
Usage
The created disk will boot directly into the GRUB command line or the GRUB menu interface. Use help
at the GRUB command line to get a list of available commands.
Installation of a GRUB boot loader
Manual
- Usually the files needed for GRUB should reside in /boot/grub.
- Copy over the necessary stage files from /usr/share/grub/i386-pc/ or /usr/lib/grub/i386-pc. You will need stage1, stage2 and usually one or more stage 1.5 files matching your filesystem. Usually these are e2fs_stage1_5, reiserfs_stage1_5 or iso9660_stage1_5. Look into the directory for support of other filesystems.
- To get the comfortable GRUB boot menu you will have to create the file /boot/grub/menu.lst. The format of it is explained in GRUBs info page (
$ info grub
). - Once everything is setup in /boot/grub, launch the GRUB shell by running
# grub
. - Within the GRUB shell select the partition on which your /boot/grub directory resides using the
root
command, i.e. for the second partion on the first harddisk (/dev/hda2), enter
grub> root (hd0,1)
- After that is successfully done, install the bootloader to the MBR using
grub> setup (hd0)
- Quit the GRUB shell
grub> quit
- Reboot your machine to try if it works.
Automated
On most systems you can simply run
# grub-install /dev/hda
to install GRUB into the MBR, or
# grub-install /dev/hda2
to install it into the 2nd partition (here the partitions are numbered from 1).
NT Boot Loader
The Windows 2000/XP boot loader is a bit hard to tweak if you want something else than use it to choose between your Windows installations.
The NT Boot Loader generally works like this:
- The booted partitions (i.e. the active one) boot sector looks for ntldr.exe on the active partitions filesystem. NTLDR is the actual boot loader and control is given to it if it's found. Else the boot process will fail.
- NTLDR looks for the boot.ini file on the active partition to read it's configuration. If more than one operating systems are configured in the file and the delay parameter is not 0, then the NT boot menu is displayed.
- When the user chooses a system, the delay time runs out or there is only one given system, NTLDR will start that system.
Installation of the NT Boot Loader
The NT Boot Loader gets installed by the Windows installation routines. However, there are cases when you manually want to install the NT Boot Loader to a partition. The easiest way to do so is as follows:
- Boot your Windows system.
- Use the Disk Management Administration Console or a partitioning tool to set the partition that the boot sector should be installed to as active (bootable).
- Right-click on 'My Computer', select properties and go to the Startup Settings in the Advanced tab. Make some sensible changes, lowering or raising the delay time would be enough. Confirm with OK. This should write the boot sector to the active partition.
Using the NT Boot Loader to boot Linux
The NT boot loader is not able to boot anything else than NT type Windows systems. However, other systems boot sectors can be stored in a file on the same disk that the NTLDR files reside on and can be chainloaded from there.
Hence, the procedure to integrate Linux into your NT boot menu is outlines like this (we assume that the NT boot loader is properly installed already):
- Install a Linux boot loader (LILO or GRUB) into the boot sector of your Linux partition.
- Copy this boot sector into a file.
- Copy that file to the root level of the Windows partition.
- Add an entry to chainload that file to the NT boot menu.
Installing LILO to a partitions boot sector
- Create a simple /etc/lilo.conf or edit your existing one like the following.
The format is explained in$ man lilo.conf
.
boot=/dev/hda2 ;It is important to specify your Linux boot partition here map=/boot/map install=/boot/boot.b default=Linux lba32 image=/boot/vmlinuz label=Linux root=/dev/hda2 read-only
- Run the
# lilo
command to write lilo to the boot sector of /dev/hda2.
Installing GRUB to a partitions boot sector
- Create or edit a minimal /boot/grub/menu.lst like this.
boot=/dev/hda2 default=0 title Linux root (hd0,1) kernel /boot/vmlinuz ro root=/dev/hda2
- Launch the GRUB shell by running
# grub
. Make sure that your stage files are properly setup (see above). - Within the GRUB shell select the partition on which your /boot/grub directory resides using the root command, i.e. for the second partion on the first harddisk (/dev/hda2), enter
grub> root (hd0,1)
- After that is successfully done, install the GRUB bootloader to the boot sector of the second partition using
grub> setup (hd0,1)
Copying the boot sector
To make the boot sector accessable for NTLDR you must copy it to a file on a filesystem that is accessable by both Linux and Windows. This can be a floppy diskette, a USB drive, a CF card or simply a VFAT partition if you have one. There are also applications available for Windows which can read files from an ext2 partition. For whichever media you decide, it has to be mounted writable, we assume it's mounted under /media/floppy.
- Copy the boot sector using the command
# dd if=/dev/hda2 of=/media/floppy/linbsect.bin bs=512 count=1
- Reboot into Windows.
- Copy the file linbsect.bin to the root level directory of your Windows partition, i.e. to C:\linbsect.bin.
The final step is to add an entry for the Linux system to the boot.ini, which describes the NT boot menu. Your boot.ini might be hidden and set to read-only, so you might have to first adjust your folder options to show hidden and system files and remove the read-only flag within the properties dialog.
- Open the file in an editor and add the following line at it's end:
C:\linbsect.bin="Linux"
This is it. On next reboot, you should be able to directly boot into your Linux system from the NT boot menu.
Using LILO or GRUB to boot Windows
When you want to configure a linux boot manager to boot Windows, there are some aspects to care about.
- First of all, do not install LILO or GRUB to the Windows partitions boot sector. This would overwrite the Windows boot loader and Windows would not be bootable anymore. It is often best to install the Linux bootloader to the MBR.
- Take care that at least at the time of booting, your Windows partition is the active one. As long as the LILO/GRUB is installed to the MBR, the Linux boot process doesn't depend on the active partition flag. So in most cases you can just set it on the Windows partition (using i.e.
# fdisk /dev/hda
) and leave it. However, there are cases requiring a more dynamic handling. GRUBs makeactive command can help you here.
LILO configuration
Given that /dev/hda2 would be your Windows partition, a typical /etc/lilo.conf section for booting it with LILO would be:
other=/dev/hda2 label=win
GRUB configuration
Given that /dev/hda2 would be your Windows partition, a typical /boot/grub/menu.lst section for booting it with GRUB would be:
title Windows rootnoverify (hd0,1) makeactive chainloader +1