ThinkWiki - User contributions [en]

Linux

2007-01-28T14:45:37Z

Adamg: revert vandalism

Linux is a free Unix-type operating system originally created by Linus Torvalds with the assistance of developers around the world. Developed under the [[wikipedia:GNU General Public License|GNU General Public License]] , the source code for Linux is freely available to everyone.

Read a more detailed description at [[Wikipedia:Linux|Wikipedia]].

General information about Linux can also be found at [http://www.linux.org www.linux.org].

[[Category:Glossary]]
[[Category:Operating System]]

Embedded Security Subsystem

2007-01-28T14:45:23Z

Adamg: revert vandalism

{| width="100%"
|style="vertical-align:top;padding-right:20px;width:10px;" | [[Image:ESS.jpg|IBM Embedded Security Subsystem]] __NOTOC__
|style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin: 0; margin-right:10px; border: 1px solid #dfdfdf; padding: 0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#F8F8FF; align:right;">
=== The Embedded Security Subsystem ===
The Embedded Security Subsystem is nothing but a chip installed on the ThinkPads mainboard that can take care of certain security related tasks conforming to the TCPA standard. It was first introduced among the T23 models and is now under the name Embedded Security Subsystem 2.0 an integral part of most of the modern ThinkPads. The functions of the chip are bound to three main groups:
* public key functions
* trusted boot functions
* initialization and management functions

The purpose of the whole thing is to keep the user's sensitive data out of range from software based attacks (like viruses, internet attacks etc.). One way the chip offers to achieve this is by providing storage for keys along with the neccessary functions to handle them within itself, so that a i.e. a private key never has to leave the chip (can't be seen by any piece of software). Besides this there are more complex topics covered by the functionality of the chip. If you want to find out more about it you can find good documents on the [http://www.research.ibm.com/gsal/tcpa/ IBM Research TCPA resources page].</div>
|}

{{NOTE|Some ThinkPads have the TPM chip integrated into the SuperIO chip, or soldered to the planar card/mainboard. Don't let the picture fool you...}}

{{WARN|There's a bug in the latest release of the security chip software. You end up facing a security chip login, and you press Ctrl-alt-delete, and it just sits there. DO NOT Download the latest patch (Dated 13/06/2006 v 7.00.0017.00) 
Actaully they appear to have removed that patch. 
Ring IBM support (in Australia 131426, 1, 2) and they'll talk you through doing a system restore.}}

==Trusted or Treacherous?==

TC - Trusted Computing - will be the biggest change of the information landscape since decades. Besides positive features like a more secure hardware storage for cryptographic keys, an analysis of the proposed TCG-standards shows some problematic properties. 
As ThinkPads of recent generations following the ThinkPad {{T23}} ([[Embedded Security Subsystem#Models featuring this Technology|see the complete list of models]]) are equipped with this disputed TCG-/TCPA-Technology, it can be interesting, which promises of the TCG are fulfilled inside your ThinkPad and which parts of the TCG-specifications still seem to be a privacy issue for every user of digital devices like a MP3-player or a ThinkPad - so please read [[TCPA/TCG - Trusted or Treacherous|this article]] for more details.

==Linux Support==
Two linux drivers are available, a [[tpm|classical one]] and a [[tpmdd|newer one]].
Coverage of functionality of the first is unknown so far, the second is part of a bigger project aiming to provide a usable security framework.

David Stafford (one of the developers of the tpm code at IBM) on March 10, 2005 sent me the most recent version of the tpm-kml code. With his permission, I quote his email:

"I am attaching our latest driver and library.
This version is in the process of kernel mailing list review, and
will hopefully be accepted into the official kernel. It works
much better across various 2.6 kernels. Note that this builds
three modules tpm, tpm_atmel, and tpm_nsc. You modprobe the
tpm_atmel (for all current shipping atmel based systems), or
tpm_nsc (for the coming national based systems).

Also note that there is a conflict with the snd-intel8x0
kernel module (they each try to grab the LPC bus). You can
either: load the tpm modules first (such as in initrd or
rc.sysinit, before sound), or recompile the snd-intel8x0, turning
off the MIDI and JOYSTICK support. The latest 2.6.11 version
of snd-intel8x0 also reportedly fixes things."

Compiling this library was easy. Compiling the driver on my 2.6.8-686 (debian testing) laptop failed. But the library works with the driver I compiled from the tpm-2.0 package IBM made available on its pages (see the links below).

Gijs

The T43 requires a patch posted to the LKML by Kylene Jo Hall: [http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=111884603309146&w=2 LKML posting]. An updated patch for linux 2.6.12 is available [http://shamrock.dyndns.org/~ln/linux/tpm_2.6.12.diff here].

The atmel driver comes with 2.6.12.
----
now suported in 2.6.15.1(and mabe others kernels under this number) in:

/device drivers/caracter devices/tpm devices

==Versions & Features==
=== Embedded Security Chip ===
IBM introduced it's TCPA/TCG features with some of the [[:Category:T23|T23]] models. The earlier of them didn't yet have the Embedded Security Subsystem, but a kind of pre 1.0 version called the Embedded Security Chip. This chip had the following capabilities:
*Data communications authentication and encryption
*Storage of encrypted passwords

=== Embedded Security Subsystem (1.0) ===
The original Embedded Security Subsystem (in IBM documents there is no use of the additive version-number 1.0) claims to be compliant with TCG specs, but apparently did not fully implement any specific TCG spec.

The Embedded Security Subsystem has the following features:
*hardware key storage
*multi-factor authentication
*local file encryption
*enhances VPN security

=== Embedded Security Subsystem 2.0 ===
The Embedded Security Subsystem 2.0 conforms to the TCG TPM 1.1b specification, with a TPM manufactured by either Atmel or National Semiconductor.

The Embedded Security Subsystem 2.0 has the following features:
*hardware key storage
*multi-factor authentication
*local file encryption
*enhances VPN security
*TCG compliant

==Models featuring this Technology==
===IBM Embedded Security Chip===
*ThinkPad {{T23}}
===IBM Embedded Security Subsystem===
*ThinkPad {{A30p}}
*ThinkPad {{R31}}
*ThinkPad {{T23}}, {{T30}}, {{T41}}
*ThinkPad {{X22}}, {{X23}}, {{X24}}

===IBM Embedded Security Subsystem 2.0===
*ThinkPad {{R32}}, {{R40}}, {{R50}}, {{R50p}}, {{R51}}, {{R51e}}, {{R52}}, {{R60}}
*ThinkPad {{T40}}, {{T40p}}, {{T41}}, {{T41p}}, {{T42}}, {{T42p}}, {{T43}}, {{T43p}}, {{T60}}, {{T60p}}
*ThinkPad {{X30}}, {{X31}}, {{X32}}, {{X40}}, {{X41}}, {{X41T}}, {{X60}}, {{X60s}}
*ThinkPad {{Z60m}}, {{Z60t}}
[[Category:Glossary]] [[Category:Trusted Computing]]

==TCPA/TCG clean models==
*all models produced before 2000
*all i Series models
*ThinkPad [[:Category:240X|240X]]
*ThinkPad [[:Category:A20m|A20m]], [[:Category:A20p|A20p]], [[:Category:A21e|A21e]], [[:Category:A21m|A21m]], [[:Category:A21p|A21p]], [[:Category:A22e|A22e]], [[:Category:A22m|A22m]], [[:Category:A22p|A22p]], [[:Category:A30|A30]]
*ThinkPad [[:Category:R50e|R50e]]
*ThinkPad [[:Category:T20|T20]], [[:Category:T21|T21]], [[:Category:T22|T22]]
*ThinkPad [[:Category:X20|X20]], [[:Category:X21|X21]], [[:Category:X22|X22]]
*ThinkPad [[:Category:TransNote|TransNote]]

==External Sources==
*[http://www.pc.ibm.com/us/think/thinkvantagetech/security.html IBMs ThinkVantageTM Technologies Embedded Security Subsystem page]
*[http://www.pc.ibm.com/presentations/us/thinkvantage/56/index.html?shortcut=ess& IBMs ThinkVantageTM Technologies Flash presentation - Embedded Security Subsystem]
*[http://www.research.ibm.com/gsal/tcpa/ IBM Research TCPA resources page]
*[http://www.prosec.rub.de/trusted_grub.html Trusted Grub]

Talk:Installing Xandros on a ThinkPad 600X

2007-01-28T14:44:59Z

Adamg: revert vandalism

Talk:UltraslimBay Floppy Drive

2007-01-28T14:44:47Z

Adamg: revert vandalism

Pre-Installation steps

2007-01-28T14:44:30Z

Adamg: revert vandalism

==Backup/Rescue CD Set==
The preinstalled WinXP on most modern Thinkpads comes with a software to create rescue discs. It can be found in the "Access IBM" section of the Windows menu. I recommend to create a set of rescue discs before you repartition the drive. When you create the rescue discs, use a CD-R for the first volume (it's only 280 Megs) and then DVD-R. Otherwise you will end up with seven CD-Rs.
Alternatively IBM [[Ordering_Recovery_CDs|offers]] shipment of a pack of rescue disks if you call the support hotline. Or try to create the rescue CDs [[Backing_up_the_preloaded_OS|on your own]].

The copy of Windows that came with your machine cannot be legally transferred to any other machine. Leave the license sticker intact for when the machine is sold, or if you just have to dual boot.

==Resizing your Windows Partition==
If you want to keep your WinXP partition and you do not want to shell out lots of money for PartitionMagic, you can use [http://mlf.linux.rulez.org/mlf/ezaz/ntfsresize.html ntfsresize]. I recommend booting {{Kanotix}} or {{Knoppix}}, getting it online and using the latest version to be found at the ntfsresize link because the CD linuxes tend to come with slightly out-dated versions. Be sure not to forget to resize your Windows partition (e.g. with cfdisk) AFTER having resized ntfs and TAKE CARE not to make the partition smaller than you made the ntfs. If you like it safe and smooth you can also take a look at the program "qtparted" which reportedly takes care of ntfsresize and partition table changing in one go and allows you to adjust partition sizes in a GUI. But I have not tested this software personally.

'''Please be carefull before taking the following steps. I suggest that you should create rescue and product recovery CDs (6 CDS will be required) before going for the following so that if anything goes wrong you can go back to the factory setting using those CDs.'''

==Moving the Recovery partition using a Linux rescue system==
On newer models (i.e. the T43) the preinstalled HDD has two partitions; the first one containing the OS and second one having the rescue files used to boot the machine when {{ibmkey|Access IBM|#495988}} button is pressed before Windows XP takes control of the laptop. One can use his Linux distros boot CD (usually the first CD) to boot into rescue mode and shift the rescue partition from the end of the HDD to somewhere in between leaving required space for Windows. This can be done in following steps:

===Creating a temporary rescue partition===
* Run {{cmdroot|fdisk /dev/sda}}.
* Delete the 1st partition ({{path|/dev/sda1}}).
* Create a partion {{path|/dev/sda3}} immediately before the rescue partition ({{path|/dev/sda2}}) with exactly the same number of cylinders as the rescue partition.
* Save the partition table and quit fdisk. Reboot.
{{HINT|To be on the safe side, reboot the machine everytime the partition table is modified and saved using fdisk from linux rescue mode.}}
* rawcopy the contents of {{path|/dev/sda2}} to {{path|/dev/sda3}} with
:{{cmdroot|1=dd if=/dev/sda2 of=/dev/sda3}}

===Creating the rescue partition in its final position===
* Run {{cmdroot|fdisk /dev/sda}}.
* Delete the rescue partiton {{path|/dev/sda2}} (we just backed it up to {{path|/dev/sda3}}).
* Create a partion {{path|/dev/sda2}} immediately after the space you want to leave for Windows. Note that this new partition again should have exactly the same number of cylinders as the rescue partition (now {{path|/dev/sda3}}).
* Save the partition table and quit fdisk. Reboot.
* rawcopy the contents of {{path|/dev/sda3}} to the newly created {{path|/dev/sda2}}:
:{{cmdroot|1=dd if=/dev/sda3 of=/dev/sda2}}
* Run {{cmdroot|fdisk /dev/sda}}.
* Delete the temporary rescue partiton {{path|/dev/sda3}} (we just copied it to {{path|/dev/sda2}})
* Save the partition table and quit fdisk.
* Reboot the machine and press {{ibmkey|Access IBM|#495988}} Button to restore the Windows XP from the rescue partition. Windows XP will occupy only the space available before the new rescue partition.

Once Windows XP is recovered follow the standard mechanism for installing Linux in the available free space at the end of the HDD. If you have created Rescue and Product Recovery CDs, then the Rescue Partition also can be deleted at this stage to make more room for your Linux installation.

= Alternative Method: Dual Booting and retaining ThinkVantage Utility =

Note: T60 2913 with 60 GB drive

The key here is to find a bootable CD version of Linux that has the PartEd package on it (preferrably with qtparted also). I used SystemRescueCd (http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page). I've read people say to defrag Windows, but according to the PartEd website, the PartEd resize command (http://www.gnu.org/software/parted/manual/parted.html#resize) will take care of all that. Now boot with the SystemRescueCd and when you get the prompt, press F2. This will list available images. I used fb1024, because I wanted to use qtparted (graphical, fb1024 is framebuffer at 1024x768 vs fb800 is framebuffer at 800x600, etc), not parted (commandline).

What I saw was a 3 partition device sda. Only touch the NTFS partition (sda1 on mine, should be on yours if it is factory settings). You do not want to move the VFAT at the end of the device nor touch that little section (sda-1) at the beginning. I resized sda1 (NTFS) down to 20 GB, what you should see is the the New Size + the Free Space After = Old Size of sda1. Click the commit under the file menu to write the changes. That's it.

I then rebooted with Fedora Core 5 disk 1 and used Anaconda and its utilities to partition the free space to be a 20 GB mount point "/", a 512 MB swap, and a 10 GB vfat, these could have been done using qtparted, or pretty much any distro's install. The swap and vfat were shown inside a logical partition. I set up GRUB in the MBR and clicked the GRUB advanced setup checkbox. This allowed me to add entries, in addition to Linux, for GRUB. I added the NTFS (Windows) partition and the VFAT (ThinkVantage partition, not the 10 GB I created, cuz that would be silly).

The results are: on boot, the post screen tells you to press the ThinkVantage button and....it does nothing, but once GRUB starts, press the key GRUB tells you to which shows the boot list, and there you have Linux, Windows, and ThinkVantage. I tried it and I can boot into all 3. When you first boot into Windows, you may get a chkdisk (I did), but it should be fine.

A word of warning. Be careful, I've heard some people say GRUB in the MBR while dual booting WinXP can result in false positives from virus software, but I didn't have that issue. Also, be very careful about the resize of the NTFS partition with qtparted. Any change in the placement of the start of the pre-existing partitions, and all bets are off. I'm just saying this because I don't know what might happen if Windows isn't where it wants to be. Also I think the placement of the ThinkVantage utility on the disk is very important from my reading. However, since pressing the ThinkVantage at POST doesn't do anything, I may have screwed that up, but with GRUB pointing at that VFAT, I can still get to the ThinkVantage utilities, so I'm happy.

[[Category:Windows]]

ThinkWiki talk:About

2006-07-19T16:43:10Z

Adamg: reverted

TuxOnIce

2006-06-21T10:43:32Z

Adamg: sorry, gotta learn wiki a little bit more

{| width="100%"
|style="vertical-align:top;padding-right:20px;width:10px;white-space:nowrap;" | __TOC__
|style="vertical-align:top" |
===Software Suspend 2 - swsusp2===
Software Suspend 2, sometimes also called "swsusp2" and "suspend2", is an implementation of suspend-to-disk functionality in the form of a Linux kernel patch and several userspace utilities. It is an alternative to both the BIOS-driven hibernation feature found on most ThinkPad models, and the [[swsusp]] "software suspend" functionality built into recent Linux kernels.
|}

==Features==
Compared to the alternatives, Software Suspend 2 has some unique [http://suspend2.net/features features]:
* The ability to compress the memory image as it is written to disk, thereby reducing suspend and resume times.
* Saving the memory image into a swap file, a swap partition or normal a file on any filesystem.
* Cancelling a suspend in progress
* Control over amount of RAM written to disk -- can (optionally) discard cached disk blocks to reduce suspend and resume times
* Textual and graphical UI (optional)
* Improved reliability under some circumstances -- if the alternatives don't work, try this one!

Since it is implemented purely in software, Software Suspend 2 is in principle machine-independent and should work on all modern ThinkPad models. However, in some cases problematic drivers need to be unloaded before suspension. This is handled by the <tt>hibernate</tt> script (see below).

==Availability / Project Homepage==
* [http://suspend2.net/ Project home page]

==Model-specific Status==
* ThinkPad {{T43}} and {{T42}}: works
* ThinkPad {{T21}}: works; need to unload the sound module (<tt>snd-cs46xx</tt>) on suspend. May want to enable UseDummyXServer if running X.
* ThinkPad {{X41T}}: works; requires SATA resume patch and the SATA drivers compiled as built-in or in initrd (see [[Problems with SATA and Linux]]) and a {{path|hibernate.conf}} fix (see [[Installing Fedora Core 4 on a ThinkPad X41 Tablet]])
* ThinkPad {{X22}}: works (see [[Installing Ubuntu (Breezy) on a ThinkPad X22]])
* ThinkPad {{G41}}: works (see [[Installing Debian on a ThinkPad G41]])

==Installation Instructions==
The [http://suspend2.net/ project home page] has a detailed HOWTO and FAQ. The following are just a few highlights.

===Patching mkinitrd===
If your systems uses an <tt>initrd</tt> file (most do), you'll need to patch or replace your <tt>initrd</tt>-creation script.

*{{Fedora}} 4: in {{path|/sbin/mkinitrd}}, find this line:
echo "echo Mounted /proc filesystem" >> $RCFILE
and add the following immediately afterwards:
echo "echo > /proc/suspend2/do_resume" >>$RCFILE
*{{Fedora}} 5: in {{path|/sbin/mkinitrd}}, find this line:
mount -t proc /proc /proc
and add the following immediately afterwards:
echo > /proc/suspend2/do_resume
*{{Debian}}: copy [http://dagobah.ucc.asn.au/swsusp/2.0.0.102/swsusp-initrd.sh swsusp-initrd.sh] script to your {{path|/etc/mkinitrd/scripts}} directory before creating initrd image.

Make sure you regenerate your <tt>initrd</tt> file (using <tt>mkinitrd</tt> or by reinstalling the kernel) after patching <tt>mkinitrd</tt>.

===Hibernate script===
Software Suspend 2 works best with the <tt>hibernate</tt> script (available from the project home page), which takes care of auxiliary tasks needed on many systems (e.g., unloading problematic modules and restoring video modes).

====Availability====
*{{Gentoo}}: emerge hibernate-script 
*{{Fedora}}: kernel and hibernate RPMs are available at http://mhensler.de/swsusp/ 
*PLD: poldek -iv hibernate
*Other: check the home page for packages (deb, i386 rpm, tgz, and source rpm) from http://www.suspend2.net

==Configuration tips==
===RediSafe-like functionality===
The hibernate functionality on some ThinkPad BIOSes offers the useful "RediSafe" feature, which suspends to both RAM and disk. This way you get quick resumes (directly from RAM), plus the safey of suspend-to-disk in case the battery runs out.

Software Suspend 2 provides this feature too; simply add the following to {{path|/etc/hibernate/hibernate.conf}}:
PowerdownMethod 3

[[Category:Patches]] [[Category:Drivers]]

Template:PLD

2006-06-21T10:40:46Z

Adamg:

Category:PLD

2006-06-21T10:39:59Z

Adamg:

__NOTOC__
=== About PLD ===
PLD Linux Distribution (or, in short, PLD) is an RPM based distribution developed mainly (but not only) in Poland.

===OS Homepage===
*http://www.pld-linux.org

[[Category:Distributions]]

Template:PLD

2006-06-21T10:38:38Z

Adamg:

Template:PLD

2006-06-21T10:38:25Z

Adamg:

TuxOnIce

2006-06-21T10:35:30Z

Adamg:

{| width="100%"
|style="vertical-align:top;padding-right:20px;width:10px;white-space:nowrap;" | __TOC__
|style="vertical-align:top" |
===Software Suspend 2 - swsusp2===
Software Suspend 2, sometimes also called "swsusp2" and "suspend2", is an implementation of suspend-to-disk functionality in the form of a Linux kernel patch and several userspace utilities. It is an alternative to both the BIOS-driven hibernation feature found on most ThinkPad models, and the [[swsusp]] "software suspend" functionality built into recent Linux kernels.
|}

==Features==
Compared to the alternatives, Software Suspend 2 has some unique [http://suspend2.net/features features]:
* The ability to compress the memory image as it is written to disk, thereby reducing suspend and resume times.
* Saving the memory image into a swap file, a swap partition or normal a file on any filesystem.
* Cancelling a suspend in progress
* Control over amount of RAM written to disk -- can (optionally) discard cached disk blocks to reduce suspend and resume times
* Textual and graphical UI (optional)
* Improved reliability under some circumstances -- if the alternatives don't work, try this one!

Since it is implemented purely in software, Software Suspend 2 is in principle machine-independent and should work on all modern ThinkPad models. However, in some cases problematic drivers need to be unloaded before suspension. This is handled by the <tt>hibernate</tt> script (see below).

==Availability / Project Homepage==
* [http://suspend2.net/ Project home page]

==Model-specific Status==
* ThinkPad {{T43}} and {{T42}}: works
* ThinkPad {{T21}}: works; need to unload the sound module (<tt>snd-cs46xx</tt>) on suspend. May want to enable UseDummyXServer if running X.
* ThinkPad {{X41T}}: works; requires SATA resume patch and the SATA drivers compiled as built-in or in initrd (see [[Problems with SATA and Linux]]) and a {{path|hibernate.conf}} fix (see [[Installing Fedora Core 4 on a ThinkPad X41 Tablet]])
* ThinkPad {{X22}}: works (see [[Installing Ubuntu (Breezy) on a ThinkPad X22]])
* ThinkPad {{G41}}: works (see [[Installing Debian on a ThinkPad G41]])

==Installation Instructions==
The [http://suspend2.net/ project home page] has a detailed HOWTO and FAQ. The following are just a few highlights.

===Patching mkinitrd===
If your systems uses an <tt>initrd</tt> file (most do), you'll need to patch or replace your <tt>initrd</tt>-creation script.

*{{Fedora}} 4: in {{path|/sbin/mkinitrd}}, find this line:
echo "echo Mounted /proc filesystem" >> $RCFILE
and add the following immediately afterwards:
echo "echo > /proc/suspend2/do_resume" >>$RCFILE
*{{Fedora}} 5: in {{path|/sbin/mkinitrd}}, find this line:
mount -t proc /proc /proc
and add the following immediately afterwards:
echo > /proc/suspend2/do_resume
*{{Debian}}: copy [http://dagobah.ucc.asn.au/swsusp/2.0.0.102/swsusp-initrd.sh swsusp-initrd.sh] script to your {{path|/etc/mkinitrd/scripts}} directory before creating initrd image.

Make sure you regenerate your <tt>initrd</tt> file (using <tt>mkinitrd</tt> or by reinstalling the kernel) after patching <tt>mkinitrd</tt>.

===Hibernate script===
Software Suspend 2 works best with the <tt>hibernate</tt> script (available from the project home page), which takes care of auxiliary tasks needed on many systems (e.g., unloading problematic modules and restoring video modes).

====Availability====
*{{Gentoo}}: emerge hibernate-script 
*{{Fedora}}: kernel and hibernate RPMs are available at http://mhensler.de/swsusp/ 
*{{PLD}}: poldek -iv hibernate
*Other: check the home page for packages (deb, i386 rpm, tgz, and source rpm) from http://www.suspend2.net

==Configuration tips==
===RediSafe-like functionality===
The hibernate functionality on some ThinkPad BIOSes offers the useful "RediSafe" feature, which suspends to both RAM and disk. This way you get quick resumes (directly from RAM), plus the safey of suspend-to-disk in case the battery runs out.

Software Suspend 2 provides this feature too; simply add the following to {{path|/etc/hibernate/hibernate.conf}}:
PowerdownMethod 3

[[Category:Patches]] [[Category:Drivers]]

Talk:ThinkLight

2006-05-01T22:35:00Z

Adamg:

[code]
#!/usr/bin/perl

use strict;
use warnings;
# $count

my $count = $ARGV[0];

if ( ! defined($count) || $count < 1 )
{
$count = 1;
}
$|=1;

for(my $i=0;$i<$count;$i++)
{
open(LICHT,">/proc/acpi/ibm/light");
print LICHT "on\n";
close(LICHT);
select(undef,undef,undef,0.25);
open(LICHT,">/proc/acpi/ibm/light");
print LICHT "off\n";
close(LICHT);
select(undef,undef,undef,0.25);
}

[/code]